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Gabriel Garcia Marquez: Why Google honours him today


Liputan6.com, Jakarta - Google hari ini merayakan ulang tahun penulis asal Kolombia, Gabriel García Márquez yang ke-91 melalui Google Doodle.

Dalam doodle yang tampil di laman pencarian tersebut, ia tampil dengan kumis khasnya didampingi ilustrasi yang penuh dengan warna.

Gabo, begitu ia dikenal oleh banyak orang, lahir di Aracataca, Kolombia pada 6 Maret 1927. Ia meninggal dunia di kota Meksiko, Meksiko, 17 April 2014, saat berusia 87 tahun.

Raksasa mesin pencari ini memperingati hari kelahiran Gabo karena dianggap sebagai salah satu penulis paling penting di abad ke-20, dan salah satu penulis berbahasa Spanyol terbaik.

Semasa hidupnya, Gabo berhasil membawa pembaca novelnya ke dalam dunia realisme yang penuh magis di dalam novel pertamanya, yakni Leaf Storm (1955).

Berawal dari novel tersebut, Gabo mampu menuturkan kisah yang tak hanya menceritakan kisah fiksi dan gaib semata, ia juga mencampurnya dengan keadaan di dunia nyata.

Selama hidupnya, Garcia Marquez telah menulis tujuh novel, di mana judul tambahannya termasuk The General in the Labyrinth (1989), dan Of Love and Other Demons (1994).


Described as one of the most popular Spanish-language writers, and hailed as the best-known practitioner of magical realism, Gabriel Garcia Marquez would have been 91 on March 6.

In addition to his work as a novelist, Marquez was also a poet, short-story writer, screen writer and journalist. Gabo, as he was also known, in 1982 became the first Colombian and only the fourth Latin American author to win the Nobel Prize in Literature.

But in his lifetime things were not always easy. At the age of 85 he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease, after fighting a long battle against lymphatic cancer which he contracted in 1999.

This is his story:

History and reality

Marquez was born in the town of Aracataca in 1927, and grew up with his maternal grandparents. Tranquilina Iguaran and Colonel Nicolas Ricardo Marquez, until leaving for school in the capital, Bogota.

His grandfather was a colonel who killed a man in a duel and had three legitimate children.

Marquez would remember his grandfather telling: "you can't imagine how much a dead man weighs", a lesson that the writer would later integrate into his novels.

The Colonel, whom Garcia Marquez described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality", was also an excellent storyteller.

Always a journalist

Marquez studied law but never received a degree. He instead chose the path of journalism in El Espectador.

The late 1940s and early '50s in Colombia were a period of civil unrest. This period left as many as 300,000 people lead. This time in history would become the background for several of his novels.

The political unrest sent Garcia Marquez back to the coast, to the town of Cartagena de Indias, where he continued writing.

He wanted to stay close to the real world, a journalist who wrote fiction. Leaf Storm, his first novella, was written in 1955, when he was only 27 years old.

"I'm a journalist. I've always been a journalist,'' he told the Associated Press news agency. "My books couldn't have been written if I weren't a journalist because all the material was taken from reality.''

My books couldn't have been written if I weren't a journalist because all the material was taken from reality. Gabriel Garcia Marquez, author

Influences

Marquez read intensely, he is known to have read Hemingway, Faulkner, Twain and Melville; the Europeans Dickens, Tolstoy, Proust, Kafka and Virginia Woolf.

"I cannot imagine how anyone could even think of writing a novel without having at least a vague of idea of the 10,000 years of literature that have gone before," Garcia said.

But he was not completely impressed by Western Europe as many other Latin American writers, he often expressed the belief of Europeans patronising Latin America.

Europeans, he said in his Nobel address, "insist on measuring us with the yardstick that they use for themselves, forgetting that the ravages of life are not the same for all, and that the quest for our own identity is just as arduous and bloody for us as it was for them".

The quest for our own identity is just as arduous and bloody for us as it was for them Garcia Marquez, author

Journalism and fiction

Marquez started alternating between journalism and fiction in the late 1950s.

In 1961, he moved to Mexico City where he would live on and off for the rest of his life.

After four years of not writing fiction, the author began "One Hundred Years of Solitude", which was inspired while he was driving in Mexico to Acapulco.

Returning home, he started a journey of 18 months, he kept writing non-stop, his wife Mercedes looked after the household.

After publication in 1967, One Hundred Years of Solitude was sold out within days.

The author penned over 25 books, transporting readers into a world of magical realism, which uses magical elements and events in otherwise ordinary situations.

Left wing causes

He used his name, time and money to left-wing causes.

He was a defender of the Sandinistas, and for more than three decades the US denied him a visa to travel. They believed he was a member of the Colombian Communist Party, and also this was a consequence of his friendship with Fidel Castro.

His shorter pieces dealt with subjects including Venezuela's Hugo Chavez, while the book "News of a Kidnapping" portrayed how cocaine traffickers led by Pablo Escobar in his native Colombia.


KOMPAS.com - Laman mesin pencari Google hari ini, Selasa (6/3/2018), dihiasi doodle berwarna-warni. Digambarkan sosok pria berkumis yang seakan penuh imajinasi. Ternyata Google sedang merayakan ulang tahun Gabriel Garcia Marquez, yakni seorang novelis, jurnalis, penerbit, dan aktivis politik asal Kolombia. Ia merupakan salah satu tokoh utama untuk gaya sastra yang diistilahkan “realisme magis”, yakni semacam cerita rakyat. Karya legendaris yang membuat Gabriel Garcia Marquez tenar adalah “Kisah tentang Seorang Pelaut yang Karam”. Ditulis bersambung di surat kabar pada 1955, novel itu menceritakan kisah nyata tentang kapal karam akibat banyak barang-barang selundupan. Basisnya sebagai jurnalis membuat Gabriel Garcia Marquez kerap menulis novel non-fiksi. Kendati begitu, ia juga rajin menelurkan novel yang dikategorikan fiksi, atau lebih tepat bersifat realisme magis. Novel realisme magis dari Gabriel Garcia Marquez yang terkenal adalah “Seratus Tahun Kesunyian”, mengisahkan kehidupan di sebuah desa di Amerika Selatan yang terasing dan banyak menghimpun kejadian-kejadian aneh tetapi dianggap lumrah. Cerita itu merupakan refleksi filsafat tentang hakikat waktu dan keterasingan. Secara garis besar, karya-karya Gabriel Garcia Marquez sering mengangkat tema usia lanjut, kematian, dan penguburan. Pada 1982, Gabriel Garcia Marquez menerima Penghargaan Nobel dalam Sastra. Lebih dari satu dekade setelahnya, pada 19999, ia didiagnosa menderita kanker kelenjar getah bening. Musibah itu mendorongnya menulis memoar berjudul “Hidup untuk Menceritakan Kisahnya” yang terbit pada 2000 silam. Gabriel Garcia Marquez sendiri meninggal pada 17 April 2014 di usia ke-87. Baca juga : Mengenal Bagong Kussudiardja yang Jadi Google Doodle Hari Ini




SAAT Guillermo del Toro ditanya, bagaimana dia bisa menyampaikan cerita tentang monster dengan begitu menarik? Sang sutradara pemenang Oscar itu menjawab singkat, “Saya orang Meksiko”. Jika dirunut ke belakang, jawaban itu berhubungan dengan gaya naratif sastrawan besar Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

Film terbaru Guillermo del Toro, The Shape of Water menunjukkan bahwa keajaiban bisa terjadi saat kita punya perspektif berbeda dari balik lensa. Semua terjadi saat seorang seniman bisa membentuk cerita yang bersumber dari warisan budaya sang seniman.

Titik perhatian utama The Shape of Water berpusat pada bagaimana Guillermo del Toro yang juga menulis naskahnya mendapat inspirasi dari kisah monster klasik. Rachel Hatzipanagos dari The Washington Post menyatakan, jika dicermati, film itu berbicara pula tentang Amerika Latin.

Dalam The Shape of Water, pengaruh budaya Meksiko Guillermo del Toro tampak dalam bercampurnya unsur ilmiah dengan nuansa fantasi. Itulah gaya yang biasa disebut “realisme magis.”

Gaya yang menampilkan latar dunia nyata dalam balutan elemen-eleman magis itu kerap dikaitkan dengan penulis Amerika Latin paling berpengaruh, Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

“Realisme magis adalah bentuk naratif yang mengambil latar lingkungan dunia nyata tetapi lingkungan itu disusupi nuansa-nuansa penuh keajaiban,” ujar Jeronimo Arellano, pakar sastra dan budaya Amerika Latin di Brandeis University, Massachusetts.

Arellano menjelaskan, gaya bercerita seperti itu muncul dari gerakan surealisme seusai Perang Dunia I. Sastrawan yang jadi pencetus teknik bercerita seperti itu adalah Gabriel Garcia Marquez.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez kerap menggunakan realisme magis untuk memperkuat pandangan politiknya. Dalam tulisan-tulisannya, dia banyak mengumbar simbolisme dan momen-momen sureal. Setiap unsur magis yang detail dalam ceritanya dipastikan punya makna.

Seperti juga Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Guillermo del Toro adalah sutradara yang sangat memperhatikan detail dan gemar menyematkan makna.

Keith McDonald, penulis buku “Guillermo del Toro: Film as Alchemic Art” menyatakan, “Saya jarang menemukan sutradara yang memiliki perhatian yang hampir kompulsif terhadap detail di setiap frame (film). Anda bisa melihat satu frame gambar dan semuanya punya makna.”

Lantas siapakah Gabriel Garcia Marquez yang karyanya banyak mempengaruhi gaya bertutur realisme magis hingga saat ini?

Gabriel Garcia Marquez adalah begawan sastra kelahiran Kolombia yang terkenal lewat novelnya Love in the Time of Cholera. Dia yang tumbuh dengan banyak mendengarkan dongeng-dongen keluarga, sempat menjadi jurnalis.

Novel termasyhurnya, Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude) dan El amor en los tiempos del cólera (Love in the Time of Cholera) mendapat perhatian dari seluruh dunia dan membuat dia memenangi Nobel Sastra tahun 1982.

Setelah banyak menghasilkan cerpen dan skenario film semasa mudanya, dia mengasingkan diri di rumahnya di Mexico City untuk waktu yang lama demi menyelesaikan novelnya,One Hundred Years of Solitude. Novel itu lantas dipublikasikan tahun 1967 dan terjual sampai 10 juta kopi di seluruh dunia.

Sementara itu, novelnya yang lain, Love in the Time of Cholera diangkat ke layar lebar tahun 2007 dengan dibintangi Javier Bardem.

Gabriel Garcia Marquez meninggal pada 17 April 2014. Dunia menganggapnya sebagai salah sastrawan Latin terbesar kedua setelah Miguel de Cervantes.***

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