PROSTATE cancer is the most common cancer in British blokes, with more than 40,000 NEW cases diagnosed every year.
It is also the third deadliest cancer in the UK and the disease develops slowly, meaning many men don't know they have it for several years. Here's what you need to know...
Alamy The prostate is a gland between the penis and the bladder, which only men have
What is prostate cancer?
The prostate is a small gland in the pelvis, which only men have.
It can be between the size of a walnut or satsuma and runs between the penis and the bladder, and around the urethra (the tube men pee and ejaculate through).
The main function of the prostate is to produce a think white fluid, which is mixed with sperm to create semen.
Prostate cancer occurs when the cells start to grow in an uncontrolled way.
Getty Images In the UK alone, 40,000 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer every year - and there are 11,000 deaths-a-year
Many men live long lives with prostate cancer but it is important to treat it and stop it spreading elsewhere in the body.
Prostate cancer currently kills 10,900 men-a-year and Prostate Cancer UK warn that this number could surge to 15,000-a-year by 2026.
The deadliest cancers These are the most common causes of cancer death, according to Cancer Research UK... 1. Lung cancer (22%) 2. Bowel cancer (10%) 3. Prostate cancer (7%) 3. Breast cancer (7%) These four cancers accounted for nearly half (46%) of cancer deaths in the UK in 2014.
What causes prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer is very common, and the causes are largely unknown.
Most cases occur in men aged 50 or over, while prostate cancer is more common in men of African or Caribbean descent, and less common in Asian guys.
There's also a familial link, so having a dad or brother who had prostate cancer increases your risk.
Recent research suggests obesity increases your risk of prostate cancer, while exercising regularly lowers it.
A high-calcium diet is also thought to increase your risk, while eating cooked tomatoes and Brazil nuts could lower it, but more research is needed into the effect of diet.
And research conducted in Australia suggests drinking just two pints of beer-a-day increases man's risk by a QUARTER.
Getty Images Prostate cancer is most common in men over the age of 50
What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?
In most cases, prostate cancer doesn't have any symptoms until the growth is big enough to put pressure on the urethra.
Symptoms include:
Needing to urinate more often, especially at night
Needing to rush to the toilet
Difficulty in starting to pee
Weak flow
Straining and taking a long time while peeing
Feeling that your bladder hasn't emptied fully
Many men's prostates get larger as they age because of the non-cancerous conditions prostate enlargement and benign prostatic hyperplasia.
In fact, these two conditions are more common than prostate cancer - but that doesn't mean the symptoms should be ignored.
The signs that the cancer has SPREAD include bone, back or testicular pain, loss of appetite and unexplained weight loss.
How is prostate cancer treated?
Assuming prostate cancer is caught in its early stages, treatment is not normally immediately necessary.
In these cases, doctors have a policy of "watchful waiting".
Treatment includes surgically removing the prostate, radiotherapy and hormone therapy.
One man was cured after being given testosterone in an experimental trial designed to shock tumours to death.
While new research suggests antidepressants stop prostate cancer spreading to the bones in 90 per cent of cases.
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Nearly all prostate cancer treatments come with the unwanted side effects of erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence, which is why many men choose to delay treatment.
The only exception is non-surgical laser treatment, which doesn't cause impotence - but is still in its trial stages.
If the cancer has already spread, it cannot be treated, and medical help is focused on prolonging life and relieving symptoms.
Media playback is unsupported on your device Media caption 'I didn't want to be a statistic'
The number of men dying from prostate cancer has overtaken female deaths from breast cancer for the first time in the UK, figures show.
An ageing population means more men are developing and dying from the disease.
Prostate Cancer UK says advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer are paying off, and increased funding could benefit prostate cancer.
The biggest cancer killers in the UK remain lung and bowel cancer, with prostate now in third place.
The latest figures from 2015 show there were 11,819 deaths from prostate cancer compared with 11,442 from breast cancer.
Although deaths from prostate cancer have been rising over the past 10 years or so, the mortality rate or the proportion of men dying from the disease has fallen - by 6% - between 2010 and 2015.
For breast cancer the mortality rate has come down by 10%, meaning deaths in women are declining more quickly.
Image copyright Prostate Cancer UK Image caption Gary Pettit works in the City of London
Gary Pettit was 43 when he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, five years ago, after a routine medical through work.
He had no symptoms - only an abnormally high PSA (prostate-specific antigen) blood test, which led to further tests and biopsies.
Within weeks, he had a seven-hour operation at the Royal Marsden in London to remove the cancer.
"I'm a lucky boy. I stored my sperm before the op and now we've got a little seven-month-old miracle baby, called Teddy. I can't say how lucky I've been."
Gary says recovering from the surgery took quite a while and there were some side-effects which he is still getting used to - but he is clear of cancer and keen to raise awareness among other men.
"It is still a taboo subject with men. They get shy and embarrassed, but it's so important to get checked out."
'Tremendous progress'
Angela Culhane, chief executive of the charity Prostate Cancer UK, said the disease currently received half the funding and half the research that is devoted to breast cancer.
She said developing better diagnostic tests that could be used as part of a nationwide screening programme would be a priority.
At present, there is no single, reliable test for prostate cancer - the PSA test, biopsies and physical examinations are all used.
Men with prostate cancer can also live for decades without symptoms or needing treatment because the disease often progresses very slowly.
What are the symptoms?
There can be few symptoms of prostate cancer in the early stages, and because of its location most symptoms are linked to urination:
needing to urinate more often, especially at night
needing to run to the toilet
difficulty in starting to urinate
weak urine flow or taking a long time while urinating
feeling your bladder has not emptied fully
Men with male relatives who have had prostate cancer, black men and men over 50 are at higher risk of getting the disease.
Image copyright Getty Images Image caption Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK
Ms Culhane said: "It's incredibly encouraging to see the tremendous progress that has been made in breast cancer over recent years.
"The introduction of precision medicine, a screening programme and a weighty research boost has no doubt played an important role in reducing the number of women who die from the disease.
"The good news is that many of these developments could be applied to prostate cancer and we're confident that with the right funding, we can dramatically reduce deaths within the next decade."
Living longer
Michael Chapman, director of information and involvement at Cancer Research UK, said: "The number of men getting and dying from prostate cancer is increasing mostly because of population growth and because we are living longer.
"We're dedicated to improving diagnosis and treatments for all cancers which is why we're investing in research to help develop more treatments to give more people more time this World Cancer Day on Sunday."
Prostate cancer Prostate cancer now kills more people than breast cancer, UK figures reveal Male illness now third most common cause of cancer death behind lung and bowel Prostate cancer killed 11,819 men in the UK in 2015. Photograph: Steve Gschmeissner/Getty Images/Science Photo Library
Prostate cancer has become the third most common cause of cancer death in the UK, overtaking breast cancer, despite improvements in survival rates for both.
The top cancer killer in the UK is lung cancer, which claimed 35,486 lives in 2015, followed by colorectal cancer, with a toll of 16,067 people.
However, new figures reveal that 11,819 men died in the UK from prostate cancer in 2015, overtaking breast cancer, which resulted in the deaths of 11,442 women. While not included in the data, about 80 men are also thought to have died from breast cancer in 2015.
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Angela Culhane, chief executive of the charity Prostate Cancer UK which collated the figures, said the number of prostate cancer deaths had risen as a result of an ageing population, while improvements in research and screening meant the same effect was not seen for breast cancer.
“We haven’t yet got the big game-changing advances that breast cancer has had in terms of the screening programme and also the precision medicine developments,” said Culhane, adding that breast cancer had received twice as much money for research as prostate cancer. “We need to bust that myth that it is just an old man’s disease that you don’t need to think is significant,” she added.
According to the charity, while 72,513 pieces of research had been published on prostate cancer since 1999, more than 146,000 had been published on breast cancer. Meanwhile, Prostate Cancer UK estimates that £120m is needed for research over the next eight years to halve the number of prostate cancer deaths expected by 2026.
“We want to learn from what they have been able to achieve [for breast cancer] and we can see the correlation between that investment in research and the progress that then follows in terms of reducing the number of deaths,” said Culhane.
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But despite the rise in the number of prostate cancer deaths, the bigger picture was positive, said Culhane. “If you compare to 10, 20 years ago, survival rates are generally getting better, that is certainly the case for both prostate and breast [cancer].”
Michael Chapman, director of information and involvement at Cancer Research UK, agreed. “The number of men getting and dying from prostate cancer is increasing mostly because of population growth and because we are living longer,” he said. “If we take into account our growing and ageing population, the death rate for both breast and prostate cancer is falling, though it is falling faster for breast than prostate cancer.”
Roger Wotton, chairman of Tackle Prostate Cancer, said. “This is a wake-up call for men and for the health service. Women have screening for breast cancer and this is one reason why mortality rates for prostate cancer are now higher than those for breast cancer. We need to get the prostate cancer mortality figures down, particularly as one third of men diagnosed already have advanced prostate cancer. We need earlier diagnosis and a better-informed testing regime.”
Prostate cancer has become a bigger killer than breast cancer for the first time, official statistics reveal today.
More than 11,800 men a year - or one every 45 minutes - are now killed by the disease in Britain, compared with about 11,400 women dying of breast cancer.
It means prostate cancer has overtaken breast cancer as the third biggest cancer killer in the UK, behind only lung and bowel.
Despite this, it receives less than half the research funding of breast cancer – while experts warn that treatments for the disease are trailing at least a decade behind.
More than 11,800 men a year are now killed by the disease in Britain, compared with about 11,400 women dying of breast cancer
The Daily Mail has been campaigning for nearly 20 years to raise the profile of prostate cancer.
But while care has leapt forward since the Mail’s ‘Dying of Embarrassment’ campaign began in 1999, it has been slow compared with the advances made on breast cancer.
Last night, charities called for action to improve survival chances for prostate sufferers.
They said that with an improvement in funding, deaths could be ‘dramatically’ reduced over the next decade.
The annual number of breast cancer deaths fell by 1,500 between 1999 and 2015, the official figures show. Over the same period, the yearly death toll for prostate cancer rose by 2,400.
In 1999, some 9,460 men died from prostate cancer, compared with 12,947 female deaths from breast cancer. Breast cancer is very rare among men, with 80 deaths in the UK in 2015.
Prostate cancer has overtaken breast cancer as the third biggest cancer killer in the UK, behind only lung and bowel
In 1999, 9,460 men died from prostate cancer, which increased to 11,819 in 2015. Among female breast cancer sufferers, 12,947 died in 1999, which reduced to 11,442 in 2015
The figures show that by 2015 – the most recent year for which data was available – male prostate deaths had risen to 11,819, surpassing the breast cancer deaths, which had dropped to 11,442.
The numbers were compiled by Prostate Cancer UK, using English data from the Office for National Statistics and the equivalent official figures for Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales.
The ageing population is the main reason for the increase in prostate cancer deaths – with older men more likely to get an aggressive form. And men are far more likely to ignore symptoms than women.
But last night experts said the gulf in research funding is also driving the disparity.
Professor Nick James (left) said the UK is 'ten if not 20 years behind breast cancer' in terms of research into prostate cancer. Angela Culhane (right), of Prostate Cancer UK, said 'with the right funding, we can dramatically reduce deaths within the next decade'
Professor Nick James, a leading prostate cancer researcher from Birmingham University, said: ‘We are ten if not 20 years behind breast cancer in terms of research. We are playing a late game of catch-up.’
Another factor is that while screening for breast cancer is routine – with middle-aged women invited for scans every three years – tests for prostate cancer are notoriously inaccurate and there is no national screening programme.
Angela Culhane, of Prostate Cancer UK, which released the figures, said: ‘With half the investment and half the research it’s not surprising that progress in prostate cancer is lagging behind … the good news is many of these developments could be applied to prostate cancer and we’re confident, with the right funding, we can dramatically reduce deaths within the next decade.’
Men with prostate cancer wait four times longer for diagnosis than women with breast cancer – and a quarter of men wait 126 days.
Prostate cancer has received £227million of government and charity funds since 2002, less than half the £529million invested in breast cancer.
The results can be seen in the research output – with 9,300 prostate research papers published globally last year, compared with 21,000 breast cancer papers.
I HAD IT AT 42, BUT DIDN'T KNOW Even though Gary Pettit was just 42, a blood test revealed high levels of PSA – a protein linked to prostate cancer Gary Pettit considers himself to be one of the fortunate ones. Six years ago, he was offered a private medical by his new employer in the City. Even though he was just 42, a blood test revealed high levels of PSA – a protein linked to prostate cancer. ‘I had no symptoms and if I had not had that medical it would never have been picked up,’ he said. ‘I consider myself to be very lucky.’ A biopsy at the Royal Marsden Hospital in west London confirmed that he had an aggressive form of prostate cancer. A month later, in May 2012, Mr Pettit, 48, from Loughton in Essex, had his prostate removed in an eight-hour operation. He is now clear of the disease and is not on medication, although he needs regular check-ups, is occasionally incontinent and has suffered from impotence. With no national screening programme for prostate cancer, most men only have a PSA test if they show symptoms, when it may be too late for effective treatment. Mr Pettit, pictured, said: ‘It has all gone incredibly well for me. But others are not so lucky. It is astonishing prostate cancer is now a bigger killer than breast cancer. ‘There is so much awareness about breast cancer. But there is still a big taboo about prostate cancer. ‘It is a bloke-ish tendency to bury your head in the sand and not talk about it. ‘For me there was no middle ground. I never had symptoms and when I was tested it was quite aggressive, so it was just a case of going into surgery. ‘I think some men who have symptoms ignore them. They need to talk about it. ‘What has happened to me shows you can come through it.’
And the impact can be seen in the vast disparity in care.
Breast cancer has seen rapid strides in treatments in recent years – with revolutionary precision and immunotherapy drugs such as Kadcyla and Herceptin transforming the way women are treated.
But men with prostate cancer still rely on hormone treatments and chemotherapy which have in essence hardly changed in years.
Professor James said: ‘Hormone treatments have been the treatment mainstay for prostate cancer since the 1940s.’
He stressed that better hormone treatments have emerged, such as Abiraterone, but as yet prostate cancer is yet to benefit from breakthroughs in precision medicine.
‘These trials were done in breast cancer ten or 20 years ago,’ he said. ‘We are following the same pathway as breast cancer but we have to wait ten years for answers.’
The other main drawback is screening. Men over 50 are eligible for a ‘PSA’ blood test which gives doctors only a rough idea of whether they are at risk, and then sent for biopsies, which are also inaccurate.
There have been trials looking at introducing a national PSA screening programme, but Professor Mark Emberton of University College London said: ‘The great tragedy here is we have spent a lot of money on trials that have failed … the answer is MRI.’
The NHS is beginning to use more accurate MRI scans in place of biopsies, but many hospitals do not have the right equipment.
Prostate Cancer UK estimates it needs to fund £120million worth of research over the next eight years to achieve its ten-year goal to halve the number of expected prostate cancer deaths by 2026.
Ms Culhane added: ‘Plans to create an accurate test, fit for use as part of a nationwide prostate cancer screening programme, as well as developing new treatments for advanced prostate cancer, are already well underway … to achieve these aims we need to increase our investment in research.’
WHY IS TESTING DIFFICULT? Doctors struggle to distinguish between aggressive and less serious tumours, making it hard to decide on treatment Screening for breast cancer is routine, but tests for prostate cancer are more haphazard, with accurate tools only just beginning to emerge. The breast screening programme, which offered mammograms to all women aged 50-70, is credited with saving 1,400 lives by flagging the cancer before it spreads. But there is no national prostate screening programme as for years the tests have been too inaccurate. Doctors struggle to distinguish between aggressive and less serious tumours, making it hard to decide on treatment. Men over 50 are eligible for a ‘PSA’ blood test which gives doctors a rough idea of whether a patient is at risk. But it is unreliable. Patients who get a positive result are usually given a biopsy which is also not foolproof. A major trial last year showed MRI scans were more accurate than biopsies, but only half of hospitals have the right equipment. The NHS is beginning to use MRI scanners, but this is not yet routine, and still relies on patients having a PSA test or symptoms first. A team at UCL is embarking on a trial of MRI without PSA or symptoms, but the research is at an early stage and it will be several years until results are produced. The lack of an accurate test means many men undergo treatment they do not need. Currently, 20,000 men with localised prostate cancer have unnecessary radiotherapy or surgery each year.
There is a big difference in publicity for prostate and breast cancer. The latter has been the subject of major campaigns since the early 1990s, with the pink ribbon campaign pushing up funding and awareness levels.
It was not until 2007 that Movember, the annual men’s cancer campaign, came to Britain.
Baroness Delyth Morgan of Breast Cancer Now said: ‘Comparing survival figures in this way must not hide the very real concerns that progress on breast cancer in the UK is now stalling.
'We urgently need to invest in research to stop more patients dying from breast, prostate and many other cancers.’
A Department of Health spokesman said: ‘Cancer survival rates are at a record high and are improving year-on-year … But we want to be even better.
'That’s why our research arm is currently doing a £4million cutting-edge research project into prostate cancer at The Royal Marsden, amongst other research on prostate cancer.
‘We have already committed £200million over the next two years to improve early diagnosis and care.’
How the Mail's been campaigning for 20 years to beat disease
Our Dying of Embarrassment campaign faced up to the taboo disease killing one British man every hour
The Daily Mail transformed the nation’s approach to ‘forgotten disease’ prostate cancer two decades ago.
Our Dying of Embarrassment campaign faced up to the taboo disease killing one British man every hour.
It changed lives. Launched in 1999, just before the end of the millennium, we appealed to our readers to raise an ambitious £1million to tackle the scourge of the ‘cancer no one talks about’.
Within two months, we had raised £350,000.
Conservative MP Andrew Rowe stunned a packed Commons when he intervened at Prime Minister’s Questions to reveal he was battling the condition
The full £1million arrived in just four months as concerned readers flocked to the cause, and the Southon Charitable Trust – whose founder Arthur Southon died of the disease – doubled readers’ donations.
Yet the overwhelming generosity was only half the victory.
Perhaps more importantly than the money, we had raised awareness of the illness which too many men were trying to ignore until it was too late.
For too long, prostate cancer was greeted with giggles, embarrassment or a shocked silence.
Masculinity, virility, the very essence of what it was to be a man, was somehow challenged by prostate cancer.
But the Mail’s campaign gave many men the courage to discuss it more openly.
Not that their loved ones waited for them to do so – a truly heartening aspect was the number of wives who told us they had put the Daily Mail down in front of their husbands and commanded: ‘Read that.’
It sparked debate about how best to beat the disease, with MPs taking their cue from the Mail’s readers.
By early 2000, searching questions were asked in the House of Commons about the appalling lack of funding to tackle it – and why survival rates in the US were double those in Britain.
Ministers too began to take the disease more seriously, with the then government of Tony Blair matching Mail readers’ £1million
Conservative MP Andrew Rowe stunned a packed Commons when he intervened at Prime Minister’s Questions to reveal he was battling the condition.
The Old Etonian – with a background epitomised by the stiff upper lip mentality – bravely confessed his disease to MPs and vowed: ‘I don’t intend to let prostate cancer kill me.’ He survived until 2008 aged 73.
Ministers too began to take the disease more seriously, with the then government of Tony Blair matching Mail readers’ £1million. During our fast-paced campaign, sacks full of cheques arrived every day.
A highlight was clinching the backing of boxing champion Muhammad Ali. He attended a dinner at the Savoy Hotel in London, where 100 people paid £1,000 each.
Moved by our campaign, actor and presenter Lionel Blair revealed he had had treatment for prostate cancer.
A highlight was clinching the backing of boxing champion Muhammad Ali. He attended a dinner at the Savoy Hotel in London, where 100 people paid £1,000 each
It became a topic men felt more comfortable talking about. Businessman Ted Clucas, from Jersey, told in the Mail of his struggle to the end the secrecy surrounding the disease which ‘no one was taking seriously’.
BBC Radio 4’s Today programme highlighted the Mail’s campaign and commercial broadcasters gave free airtime to it.
The money we raised went to the Prostate Cancer Charity which, at the time, was the only charity devoted to helping sufferers – compared with breast cancer which had 150 organisations fighting it.
But most importantly, the campaign shattered the tendency of men to suffer in silence, and prompted thousands to get themselves checked.
